The Prohibition Of Performance Enhancing Drugs - 1257 Words

Continue the Prohibition of Performance Enhancing Drugs Sporting competitions either nationally or internationally have regulations to prohibit or inhibit the use of performance enhancing drugs (PED’s). There been a case for the lifting of these regulations to create sporting fair across all types of people. Craig Fry, an advocate for the use of performance enhancing drugs in elite sporting competitions and author of â€Å"Bring Truth into Play by Saying Yes to Drugs in Sport†, is an Australian health social sciences researcher with training in psychology, public health, and applied ethics. Fry testifies that the positives that would result in supervised PED use in elite competitions would create a more fair and balanced playing field. However Craig Fry’s claim is invalid, not only are there a multitude of health risks continually being discovered, the use of performance enhancing drugs would diminish the spirit of sporting and create international-legal catastrophes with differentiation in the creation of new drug su bstances. One reason performance enhancing drugs are prohibited is because of the health risks that are a potential outcome of injections that are not medically supervised. Craig Fry asserts the idea of the existence of enabling techniques that provide a safe form of injection for those wishing to use PED’s, implying that these safer-alternative forms would inherently prevent any potential health risks. However a scientific statement by Harrison Pope, Ruth Wood, andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports1265 Words   |  6 Pagesdetection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentives to use blood doping techniques with little by way of repercussions. Blood doping is a process intended to boost athlete’s performance by increasing the body’s abilityRead MorePro Doping in Sports Debate825 Words   |  4 Pageseach of us ought to be free to assume risks that we think are worth taking, shouldnt athletes have the same freedom as anyone else? In particular, if athletes prefer the gains in performance allegedly provided by the use of steroids, along with the increased risk of harm to the alternative of less risk and worse performance, what gives anyone the right to interfere with their choice? After all, if we should not forbid smokers from risking their health by smoking, why should we prohibit track starsRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Sport records are becoming harder   to break and seeing records are starting to become a thing of the past.. Players aren’t being able to hit these home runs or score long touchdown’s. Injured   players are getting kicked off the team or even quit because they can’t get to their peak performance that they were at before they got injured.   If more players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performanceRead MoreSay No to Doping!1042 Words   |  4 Pagesfailed the drug test (Cashmore) . Ellis Cashmore, a professor of culture, media, and sports at Staffordshire University in the United Kingdom, through his article, â€Å"Making Sense of Sports† , came up with an argument that drug should be allowed in sports. In the article, he effectively countered the argument of some people out there that taking drug will lead to the unfair competition. As we are from the generation who are never bored of seeking the best in human ability, the usage of drug is crucialRead MoreEthical Dilemmas1304 Words   |  6 Pagesthe players are using a new performance enhancing drug. Paul’s teammates are always reminding him that it is not a banned substance, and the coach has turned a blind eye to the whole issue. Paul told me that his coach is making some changes, and he may lose his starting position. He is starting to think about actually taking this drug so he does not lose his spot. The dilemma is that Paul could just take the drug, and get to keep his position as a starter. Since the drug is not listed as banned,Read MoreThe Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Today1583 Words   |  6 Pages Performance enhancers are very prominent in professional sports today. A lot of players are facing suspensions and other penalties for using them. The sport that gets scrutinized the most for this is Baseball. Many former users in the MLB (or formally the NABBP) have come out saying that they were using these drugs while playing. Some of these players are Jorge Sosa, Antonio Bastardo, and the famous Alex Rodriguez. Although these drugs have been prohibited, players are still finding ways aroundRead MoreSteroids in Major League Baseball800 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Major League Baseball Anabolic steroids have been abused by Major League Baseball players for years, it’s time to forever ban the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs before they ruin America’s past time. Why should athletes be able to cheat when teammates or rivals are competing with honest effort? Every year records are broken and new heights are achieved, the game of baseball is very simple yet very humble, and to deceive the game you love, forever will you be punished. Let me informRead MoreSteroids : The Corruption Of Baseball1287 Words   |  6 Pagesoriented mindsets to who could offensively â€Å"out-slug† one another. Steroids have changed the game of baseball due to the fact that it makes you stronger and the players that use it can hit the ball a lot further than others. Steroids are performance enhancing drugs most commonly used by athletes or bodybuilders so that they can gain more muscle quickly and easily to have an advantage on their opponents. It gives them a huge advantage over the rest of the players that don t take it because the wallsRead MorePerformance Of Sports And Performance Enhancing Drugs2051 Words   |  9 PagesPerformance Enhancers in Elite Sports Performance enhancing drugs are as old as sports themselves. Even the ancient athlete that competed in some of the first Olympic Games were know to use substances to boost their performance. It is on record that â€Å"Olympian Thomas Hicks won the marathon after receiving an injection of strychnine during the race in the third Olympiad†. (Savulescu, 1) It wasn’t until the 70’s that athletes began being tested for performance enhancing drugs and they became bannedRead MoreThe Argument for Peds2220 Words   |  9 Pagesas performance-enhancing drugs (Performance-enhancing drugs) to achieve maximum strength and speed. The use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs in sports has been obvious to many spectators and sports enthusiasts for quite some time now, and athletes who have been found guilty of taking performance-enhancing drugs have received critical response from the public. Fans of all ages have been looking up to their favorite athletes only to be let down by the athletes’ use of illegal performance-enhancing

Elderly Driving - 2635 Words

Dangers of Elderly Citizens Driving Suddenly a sharp pain emerges in the ribs of a young student; but it is not only him that has been injured, but the majority of his class, a broken rib being the most minute injury. Teachers and other pedestrians concerned while a couple gets the license plate of the car that just plowed through a crowd of children. But on the other end; there is the driver of the car, who did not see that the light was ever red, who was on auto-pilot and still has not recognized what had happened. The driver is almost a mile away when the driver comes to the realization I just ran through a crowd of people. Yet the memory is so vague that the driver believes that it is only a day dream; the thought is dismissed,†¦show more content†¦Most elderly citizens feel that this being implemented would end their driving privileges due to unpreventable diseases. Not only with this system help reduce the amount of fatal crashes, but it would also encourage people to take better care of them selves in order to live a longer, healthier, and more prosperous life. This is not a proven fact that it could cause this but it is a definite positive side affect that could be a possibility. Some things that could be done to put off losing privileges due to disease include: not smoking, achieving a higher level of education, not risking brain damage such as head injuries early in life, and one thing that you could not prevent unless well known is possibly that aluminum is another cause. By doing the small things listed above a person could lengthen the term in which to keep a drivers license. Not only that but it does indeed promote a healthier lifestyle. There are groups dedicated strictly to the rights of elderly citizens. One of which the most fought topic is an elderly persons freedom to drive. In the growing country and cities we should be able to have a means of transportation to support all of our citizens. What most elderly citizens do not under stand or do not want to cope with is the fact that at a certain age it will be impossible for them to drive. It is almost the same as if a doctor was to tell a woman that she could not have children. What it doesShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Elderly Driving890 Words   |  4 Pagesdrivers. Unfortunately, as people age what goes along with age is some of the reactions and common sense, also as a person who has been disabled can have poor driving skills and can be a threat to themselves as well as the others around them. The problem of elderly driving should be considered a community problem because of the large amount of elderly people in the area of Northern Orange County. When used incorrectly a car can become a weapon and when put into the hands of someone who is not in the rightRead MoreElderly Driving Has Become An Epidemic1184 Words   |  5 Pagesdrivers; aggressive, passive, new, experienced, and elderly to name a few. The elderly comprise of more than 40 million people ag e 65 and older in the United States and of those 40 million, 34 million are licensed drivers (NHTSA). Elderly driving has become an alarming subject throughout many communities in the United States as it concerns the safety and health of themselves as well as other drivers. One article shares, as 80-year-old Daniel was driving to the grocery store one day, he ran over a curbRead More Seniors Driving Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesSeniors Driving   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Courtney Caldwell, a writer for Road and Travel Magazine, stated in one of her articles that, â€Å"My mother, insisted her driving skills were as sharp as ever. However, after a few life-threatening trips to the grocery store as her passenger, I knew she had to stop driving. She was driving dangerously close to the curb, her reaction time was poor and she was missing stop signs and traffic lights. Her driving was so bad that I forbade my 32-year-old adult daughter to ever rideRead More Driving Restrictions Essay971 Words   |  4 Pages Driving Restrictions There are many accidents everyday that are costing people their lives. My young brothers and most definitely my grandparents would probably kill me for saying so, but there should be some changes made to the laws concerning the age requirements of drivers. If the State of Ohio changed the age requirement of operating a vehicle to between 18-70 years of age, our roads would be much safer to drive on. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If you had told me when I turned sixteen thatRead MoreClassification: Drivers1439 Words   |  6 Pageswhite knuckle look, holding on dear life Over cautious- most elderly people drive extremely cautiously Cars- usually drive older styled boats Second classification/division: Speed Demons Can’t Keep Up- choose not to pay attention to the speed limit what so ever Reckless-stay out of their way because they don’t stop for anything Cars-most drivers like this have cars that can handle their driving preferences Third classification/division: Oblivious Distracted Drivers Read MoreEssay about Teen Driving643 Words   |  3 Pagesrestricting teen driving on the books for more than a year. Because of the numerous deaths, many people are pushing for a legislative bill that would limit teens driving privileges. This proposed bill is expected to easily clear the Senate, and its chances in the House of Representatives are high. If it passes, then it will be effective to all those teens born after January 1, 1983. This new law will allow teens more practice time before driving alone. The bill will give teens more driving experienceRead MoreWhat Does Aging Doesn t Affect Driving Ability? Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough many people believe that aging doesn’t affect driving ability, it does. Research demonstrates that there are many alternatives and solutions to keep people and the roads safe. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, â€Å"while drivers age 60 and older are less likely that other drivers to be involved in collisions related to alcohol, speed, and nighttime driving, drivers age 70-79 have higher proportions of at-fault crashes† (Earley). Accidents involving older driversRead MoreRoad Rage: Causes and Solutions Essay1419 Words   |   6 Pageswhether youre involved directly or indirectly. Instead of getting angry because of things that are beyond the other drivers control, for example, their age, their driving ability, or the lack of general traffic knowledge. Patience is the key toward control. First, we need to control our own emotions at the wheel. Second, practice better driving habits ourselves. And finally, remember not to take what happens on the road personally. I strongly believe the reason for road rage in our country is ourRead MoreHow Autonomy Should Be Fully Operate Themselves With No Possibility Of Human Intervention?1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves, but should they have this level of control? Should we have some level of control over these systems? I think the driverless discussion like many should meet in the middle just like the old Diamond Rio song. Autonomy should benefit the elderly, the disabled, and needy to provide levels of transportation, they otherwise wouldn’t have. Autonomy can take over on a crowded commute home after a long day of work. It can relieve the driver when they need it, but people should always know how toRead MoreElderly and Road Exam1071 Words   |  5 Pagescashing more than ever because they will not give up their car keys when they need to say it is time to give up driving. We should defiantly propose that we take care of this issue by making them retake the exam. So many elderly are gettin g into wrecks and some are even driving on the wrong side of the road killing people. By proposing that we need to force the elderly to retake that driving exam every six months is to insure that they will be able to drive more safely on our public roads still today

A Discussion of Environmental Changes Affect Organisations Free Essays

There are two types of the term environment, internal and external; both of them can be changed. Recently the global environments are changing and will keep changing, either the internal or the external. As the very famous butterfly effect theory, a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere. We will write a custom essay sample on A Discussion of Environmental Changes Affect Organisations or any similar topic only for you Order Now A tiny environmental change can badly affect a organisation itself. This essay is going to discuss the influence of the environmental changes effect the organisations in both sides, positive and negative. The most important factor to an organisation is the market; it is like the blood for a corporation. In the current situation, globalisation acts the main role of business. Which means any organisation has the opportunities to meet the global market? Therefore the marketing division in each organisation has to consider the global environment can change the market share percentage. For instance, the natural environment getting more and more polluted, and consumers choose products more carefully. So the quality of products also have to be more carefully monitored, otherwise customers will choose the products from the competitors and the corporation loses the market. Another example is the global economy. It is well known that the finance crisis in 2008 affect most entities all over the world. The ex-market might never need the products or could cut down the needs. Or those ex-markets do not exist any more. So the external environment can definitely change the market. Other the other hand, external changing environment could bring new market. Any new changes can create new wants and needs, thus the new creation can be found for cater to the needs and wants of customers. Secondly, the changing environment affect the resourcing include the natural resources and human resources. It is undeniable that the resource on earth is getting less and less, and most of them are non-renewable. Since children, we were told that the last drop of water will be human being’s tear. With the decreasing of the natural resources, the organisations will have to adjust itself to get with it. After finish the oil resources, how many oil based organisations can survive, like the car corporations? However, with the new inventions, there are more and more new power resources can be used. For instance solar, wind power, wave energy and nuclear. So the car industries can produce and sell cars using new energy. Changing from whether internal or external environment can make a lot differences on human resource. Talk about the human recourses, the new generation is called Generation Y, who have highly educated. Which means more and more talents from the entire world could get and work together. So more and more diversity and multi-culture can display in today’s organisations. Take Australia for an example, people in different age, gender, background, personality, educational level and so on can just perfect amalgamated. However, the diversity can also cause misconstrue, conflict or discrimination. Another important thing has to be mentioned is culture diversity. As we all know, the current society has became social diversification. Take Australia for example, more than 100 nationalities and cultures can be found in this continent. People who from different culture background can mostly examine the matter from different angles. Also, the changes of environment affect the managing, different environment requires different styles of management. In modern society, most multinational organisations need to consider that what kind of leadership is the best way to leader the local teams. To gain the highest profit, a good leader who can lead the team and motivate staff is highly necessary. A good manager can adjust his methods to cater to different requirement. For example, a good newly transfer manager could get into the local culture quite soon and respect it. And the changing environment can affect the decision making. Good management could never include personal moods or emotions, same as changes in working conditions. How to cite A Discussion of Environmental Changes Affect Organisations, Essay examples

Quality in Health System-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Define quality in Health Care and Explain the key elements of total Quality Management and Continuous Quality Improvement in the Health Care Context. 2.Patient Safety is Considered to be the Cornerstone of High-Quality Health Care. What is meant by the two terms Safety in Healthcare and Patient Safety? 3.In 2012 the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare implemented National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards. 4.How does clinical governance differ from clinical leadership in the Context of Quality and safety in health care Provision? 5.What is the role of Clinical Leaders when ensuring Quality Improvement in the Clinical settings? Answers: 1.Quality in Health system with TQM and CQI elements The term Quality means the degree/ grade of excellence. According to Institute of- Medicine, health care quality is defined as the grade/ degree to which the health-related services that are rendered to persons and communities maximizes the chance of getting desired health-related outcomes as well as consistent with prevailing health care professional knowledge (AHRQ, 2012). Quality in health organization involves practicing health care interventions appropriately based on the pre-established procedural standards, with an objective of satisfying the patients as well as maximizing health outcomes without creating health- related risks and/or unnecessary expenditure. The elements of quality include providing safe, effective, patient- centered, timely, efficient and equitable care (AHRQ, 2017). There are various approaches of quality management in which total quality management (TQM) that is called as continuous quality improvement (CQI) in a health system, indulges itself in analyzing the health- related issues, planning corrective actions, implementing these actions in needed areas and evaluating the effectiveness of these action (NCCHC, 2017). TQM helps to constantly improve the work performance at all the levels of system in each and every departmental (functional) area of a health organization utilizing man, money and material resources. AIHW (2017) has stated that Australia peaks high internationally in quality improvement and remains as one of the top performer in OECD countries. CQI aims to minimize the capital and waste of poorer quality-care. The elements of TQM and CQI are as follows: a). the customer/patients focus, whose health-needs are paramount in quality determination. Customer satisfaction, analyzing ownership with services by customer/patient opinion surveys, minimizing errors, avoiding reasons for dissatisfaction, maintaining societal relationships, following business ethics, maintaining safe environment, sharing quality- standards in organization are needed (McLaughlin, 2012). b). Strategic planning with leadership to promote customers expectations, newer diagnostic techniques, advanced developments, evolving customer-care system and societal expectations. c). Continuous improvement with learning: regular planning, implementation and evolution. d). Empowerment with team-work. e) Improving process management. f). Team-building and group-integration tools. g) Quality Assurance and Control. 2.Client safety maintenance of safe healthcare The entire health system revolves around the patients by keeping them as their cornerstone. All the health professionals and organizations work for the welfare of the patients and hence they should be the core of quality performance. Their safety represents the quality of health organization and the safety of health organization also means the same. Safety is one of the quality dimensions which involve preventing harm to the clients that could be either temporary or permanent (Douglas, 2012). The health organizations should provide a safe environment to the patients by keeping them free from injuries due to accidents or preventable traumas that occurs in health organization (AHRQ, 2012). Safety means protecting the clients from harm/ injuries and Quality means maintaining appropriateness and effectiveness and hence safety and quality in health systems means People + Systems i.e. providing appropriate and effective care to clients without causing harm. TheAustralian- National health performance committeehas stated about maintaining safety in health organization by linking it with preventing and/or reducing harm that actually or potentially occurs in an organization or in an internal (hospital) environment to an acceptable limit. It was estimated that nearly 12% of the adverse events occurs every year in Australia in which 50% of them are avoidable and at-least 1 in 300 has chance of getting injury as compared to only 1 in 1 million aircraft traveller. Nearly 0.04% (1,782) Australian patients encounter death or serious harm and 0.149% of patients encounter temporary or less harm every year. They commonly encounter harm due to drug error, patient falls, and hospital acquired infection and suicide. Approximately 500,000 Australians become sick due to hospital admissions and turn back for further treatment (Dunlevy, 2013). Hence, maintaining safety in an organization is crucial to protect patients from harm and thereby to improve quali ty. 3.NSQHS standards- Quality In 2012, Australia- Commission on safety with quality in health care has proposed NSQHS standards to assist health organizations to render safe as well as high quality- care (Fig: 1). These standards were framed after an elaborate public, healthcare professionals and stakeholder collaboration. Protecting people from harm and improving quality of the health- services provided were the two aims of these standards. They form the basis for the accreditation process as it helps in determining how and with what a health- organizations performance will be evaluated. The health-service organizations can compare these standards with its performances and can use in internal quality-assurance and/or in external- accreditation process (NSQHS, 2012). Figure: 1 shows NSQHS standards of Australia (NSQHS, 2012) The NSQHS standards are explained as: 1). Adequate governance to maintain reliability in health care setting which portrays quality framework of a health setting to provide safer treatment. 2). Proper partnering with consumers/patients that encompasses strategic plans to create a patient-centered health system by including patients/consumers in developing and designing quality- care. 3). Prevention and control of hospital associated infections by evidence based strategies (Duguid, 2011). 4). Drug safety which includes strategic plans to ensure whether the clinicians are competent to safely prescribe, dispense or administer medicines to the consumers. 5). Consumer identification along with appropriate procedure- matching that comprises the strategic plans to clearly identify and appropriately match the consumers with appropriate managing strategies. 6). Clinical handing over which includes the strategic plans to maintain adequate clinical-related communication while handing over the p atients to other professionals. 7). Blood with blood products which encompasses the strategic plans to improve safe, effective as well as appropriate transfusion of blood and its products. 8). Prevention treatment of pressure sores which includes strategic plans to prevent the development of pressure sores and also to manage pressure sores by applying evidence based practices 9). Adequate recognition with response to critical conditions in the emergency department 10) Prevention of patient falls and harm which comprises the strategic plans to reduce incidence of patient fall (NSQHS, 2012). 4.Clinical governance and leadership Clinical governance and leadership are the integral components of modern health care system. Both minimizes the chances of medical errors and hence contributes to quality health care delivery. The health care organizers as top- level managerial members, Doctors and Nursing staffs implements clinical governance to share health responsibility and clinical accountability in enhancing quality in health care with constant effort on promoting health, minimizing harm and fostering a environment of excellence in consumer care. On the other hand, clinical leadership flows from leaders (head of department) to low- level management. The clinicians form the core of clinical leadership who is responsible for making baseline decisions about quality- care (Daly, 2014). Clinical governance system sets, monitors as well as promotes the performance of organization and also communicates the importance of patient/consumers experience along with importance of quality to the employees of organization. Cli nicians and other members of workplace use the governance systems whereas the clinical leadership system implements the quality goals that are set by the clinical governance system and also monitors for the achievement of these goals. They act as a bridge between the employees and the clinical governance system and act as communicators, directors, trainers and teachers of quality improvement process. Clinical governance involves appropriate frame-work with processes to promote quality improvement constantly in an organization by involving clinical leaders and staffs whereas in regard to clinical leadership, clinical leaders should influence other staffs and direct them based on the organizations vision and objectives. The clinical governance is responsible for improving productivity, placing orders and controlling the health-organization to achieve quality goals and the clinical leaders are responsible for establishing a common purpose with direction and develop interpersonal relationship with employees to achieve organizations objectives by acting as role models (Fealy, 2011). For quality improvement, efficient clinical governance develops and implements health practices which could reduce errors while clinical leadership involves in health-system performance, maintaining integrity in health system and achieving objectives (MacPhee, 2013). 5.Clinical leaders in Quality Improvement The clinical leaders form the key persons in the quality improvement of a health-care process. The presence or absence of efficient clinical leaders in a health setting may create a stark consequence on the health outcomes and quality. Delivering health care services safely with compassionate and quality depends on the efficiency of the clinical leaders who are at the front-line. The Garling Report has suggested that the Nurse Unit managers should be trained to be efficient clinical leaders by reviewing and re-designing their positions. As per Francis report (2013), all the ward managers should be capable of being efficient clinical leaders in health setting (Daly, 2014). Therefore, the clinical leaders should strive to enhance health- care performances and improve quality in health care by collaborating with clinicians and consumers in this reform process (McNamara, 2011). Clinical leaders role is not predefined but emerges from hospital setting after gaining expertise and their method of developing and facilitating sound interrelationships with health team. The clinical leaders should be efficient in promoting innovations with changes through quality improvement which could be achieved by understanding, influencing, and motivating persons by establishing effective interpersonal relationship so as to exchange and learn practice from others (McNamara, 2011). They should make the health team to understand about organizational process which could in-turn enable quality-based changes. The physician leaders must bring the physician perspective, implement initiatives and communicates importance of quality to others and the nursing leaders must bring nursing perspective, practice to their full extent, gain higher degrees, full collaborators with clinicians and other health professionals and should make effective work-force planning with policy- developing to improve quality in health setting (IOM, 2011, AHRQ, 2017). The clinical leaders should make creative and innovative changes in health care, be efficient communicator in consumer- staff environment, be courageous to handle situations, solve quality issues and provide consumer-based care to promote quality. References AHRQ. (2012). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: U.S. Department of Health Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/quality-resources/tools/chtoolbx/understand/index.html AHRQ. (2017). Leadership Role in Improving Safety: U.S. Department of Health Human Services. Retrieved from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primers/primer/32/organizational-leadership-and-its-role-in-improving-safetyAIHW. (2017). Safety and quality of health care: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare- Australian Government. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/safety-and-quality-of-health-care/Daly, J et al. (2014). The importance of clinical leadership in the hospital setting: Journal of Healthcare Leadership. 6: 75-83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S46161 Douglas, C. (2012). Potter and Perrys Fundamentals of Nursing- Australian version. Missouri: Elsevier Duguid, M Cruickshank, M. (2011). Antimicrobial Stewardship in Australian Hospitals. Sydney: ACSHQC Dunlevy, S. (2013). Why are hospitals are making us sick?: News Corp Australia Network. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/national/why-are-hospitals-are-making-us-sick/news-story/372d84c34ba6f9c2a06718990217062b Fealy, G et al. (2011). Barriers to clinical leadership development: findings from a national survey:J Clin Nurs. 20:20232032. Francis, R. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust Public Inquiry-Executive Summary. London, UK: The Stationary Office. Retrieved from https://www.midstaffspublicinquiry.com/sites/default/files/report/Executive%20summary.pdf IOM-Institute of Medicine, (2011). Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing:The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. MacPhee, M et al. (2013). Global health care leadership development: trends to consider:J Healthcare Leadership: 2129. McLaughlin, C.P. (2012). Implementing Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care: A Global Casebook. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett learning McNamara, M et al. (2011). Boundary matters: clinical leadership and the distinctive disciplinary contribution of nursing to multidisciplinary care:J Clin Nurs. 20 (2324):35023512. NCCHC. (2017). Continuous quality improvement: National Commission on correctional Health care. https://www.ncchc.org/spotlight-on-the-standards-24-1 NSQHS. (2012). National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards: Australians Commission on Safety Quality in health-care. Retrieved from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/NSQHS-Standards-Sept-2012.pdf