Nestles Changes in Organizational Architecture and Strategy Case Study

Nestles Changes in Organizational Architecture and Strategy - Case Study Example But in 1990s they started their globalisation and the best way for them to do that was to purchase local subsidiaries in foreign markets. The launch in American markets was around the First World War when there was an increase in demand for dairy products; they constructed a lot of different factories in US at that time period. The underlying objective of moving into foreign markets was to increase efficiency and productivity in the company. In 1974 they diversified into the completely different branch of cosmetics by becoming a major shareholder in Loreal. This was a very bold and daring move and till today investors doubt whether this was a correct financial move or not. The other diversification Nestle engaged in was the purchase of Alcon Laboratories, a U.S manufacturer of pharmaceutical products. The diversification and constant restructuring the firm did was to make it more flexible and adaptable to rapid market changes. Restructuring is a continuous process of Nestle and their restructuring charges run up to $300 million a year. The company has done well over decades, which is why a lot of people often wonder if they are doing everything right why try to change? But that is just Nestles culture and what sets the company apart. The change is often slow in nature as one has to consider the magnitude of the multinational, yet it still happens. Nestle greatly relies on its intrinsic corporate culture to reform employees and make them think the same way. Everyone wants to increase the longevity of the organization rather than focus on solely short-term profits. Nestle has also developed a list of â€Å"untouchables†, which comprises of the companies strengths and should never be changed. One example of this is that nestle understands the importance of IT yet they don’t consider is as a sole tool for implementing successful strategies. It is important to reinforce and focus on the strengths and leave them as is. R & D is one of nestles strengths, which is why the company is so open to change. They constantly come up with innovative practical ideas to succeed. Innovation is in fact the first pillar of Nestles corporate strategy. They recently implemented an â€Å"Innovating the future† leadership strategy which is based on: Continuous improvement in consumer research, to find out exactly what they want and to build superior products to satisfy that demand. Using the vast expertise that Nestle has in its R&D network. Recruiting the best open-minded and passionate innovators are included in this strategy. This also includes working closely with leading universities to find out the latest in technology. Lastly the innovations should meet the core demand of nestle which is Nutrition, health and wellness. In 2008, nestle was struck hard by the Chinese food scandal. Even though the company has developed a great reputation over the years when something this serious happens the images takes a huge hit. Nestle however responde d well by announcing changes and new operations.

Commedia DelArte Essay Example for Free

Commedia DelArte Essay Columbina is the perky maid of the Old Man, Pantalone. She is better dressed than the male servants as she is also a ladys maid. She usually wears a knee length dress and an apron. The colouring of her clothes can be different in different acts, depending on her relationships with the characters and the scenario. She can be in a similar scheme to Arlecchino (where she is sometimes known as Arlecchina with similar diamonds and triangles), or if she is assigned to a rival family of Arlecchinos, she can be in that scheme. In cases where she is an independent character, she can be in blacks and whites in the spirit of a French Maid. Columbina does not usually wear a mask but sometimes wears one covering only her eyes. Her signature props are a tambourine and a basket. Her physical appearance is attractive, perky and petite with a tiny waist, wide hips and lots of cleavage. She walks as if she is skipping on air with a little flick of the foot at the end of each step. All her posses are usually seductive and accentuate her cleavage. Her movement continues during speaking, shifting balance from one foot to the other and moving her head sharply as if searching for someone other than the person being addressed. Shes fast and nimble in order to escape unwanted attentions or to butt in, and can escape from a situation. She is happy and carefree, yet when assigned a task moves with speed and efficiency. This is one of her strongest traits in being a good servant. Her speech is sharp and gossipy with frequent variations of pitch. She Loves Arlecchino, but sees through him. She therefore scolds him, punishes him, deserts him, takes him back, but in the end he does not change and she has to accept him for what he is, which is still more lovable than Il Dottore, Pantalone and Il Capitano. She can be very affectionate to other characters as well, and her affections seem to flow through her physically, but she always holds something back. As a result she is pestered by other men, especially Il Capitano and Pantalone. She is always ready to help the Lovers, perhaps through natural sympathy with their plight. She is a spectator herself. She has a very strong relationship with the audience, almost confidential in the sense that she too can see what fools the rest of them are. She also often flirts with the spectators. She appears almost if not before her name is called, always being on step ahead of her master and finishes sentences for her master too, which she sometimes uses in her favour. When a situation gets out of control, she becomes the dominant voice to put everyone and everything back in its place. She even beats the male characters in strength and intelligence, sometimes even her master. ISABELLA Isabella is the daughter of Pantalone, the old man. Because of her fathers status she had the newest fashion, and usually showed off her wardrobe, wigs and shoes often. She wore stunning silk dresses, often in antique Renaissance style with necklaces of gold and pearls. She is young and attractive and modest but at times can be selfish. Isabella did not usually wear a mask but did sometimes wear a small mask that covered only her eyes. Her signature props are a handkerchief, book and a fan. She has a lack of firm contact with the earth. Her chest and heart appear heavy. They are full of breath, but then take little pants on top. Her posture is correct and tall and is always very proud. Her walk is small as her steps are little. Isabellas posses are of an innocent and happy nature; leaning to one side with one leg pointed outwards, and hands in praying position touching cheek as if sleeping. Another is the back of her hand on her forehead, tilted back as if in agony as well as her chin resting on hands laying on top of each other or fingers interlocked and the head slightly tilted. Her movements are exaggerated, especially her hands and arms, which are like  feathers flapping in the wind. She often manipulates her hankie and frequently looks in a hand mirror. Any imperfection can spell disaster. Her speech is refined, however lacking pretentiousness and is never lost for the correct phrase. The lovers are in love with themselves being in love. They love each other, but are more preoccupied with being seen as lovers. They often feign mild hatred. She is extremely aware of being watched and plays with the audience for sympathy in their plight and ccasionally flirts with spectators. She is flirtatious, headstrong, has dramatic intensity and feigned madness due to passionate love and can be prudish. She can be hot and cold. i.e. prone to mood swings and is a tease with an independent will. She is vain, petulant, spoilt, full of doubt and have very little patience. She has a masochistic enjoyment of enforced separation because it enables her to dramatize their situation, lament, moan, send messages, etc. When her and Lelio do meet they are almost always tongue-tied and need interpreters who proceed to misinterpret their statements, either through stupidity (Zanni), malicious desire for revenge (Brighella) or calculated self-interest (Columbina). Isabellas attention span is short like a young childs and her fear that she might be a nobody keeps her hyper-animated. ARLECCHINO Arlecchino has an enduring magical power, a testimony perhaps to the mystery of it origin. He is a servant and jester, usually to Pantalone, but also frequently IlCapitano, or Il Dottore. He wears a tight-fitting long jacket and trousers, sewn over with random, odd-shapen patches of green, yellow, red and brown possibly remnants of leaves The jacket is laced down the front with a thong and caught by a black belt worn very low on the hips. The shoes are flat and black. He wears a beret, or later a malleable felt hat with a narrow brim, with a feather or tail of a fox, apparently this was a sign of the wearer being a butt of ridicule. Coloured in deep earth tones with warm coloured diamond shaped patches, Arlecchino is always ready to spring into action in a clumsy yet graceful manner. He is ragged, yet sleek. His wears a mask that gives him a low forehead with a wart and has small round eyes. Arlecchinos signature props included his batocchio, meaning in Italian clapper inside the bell, which he always carries. He is continuously in a lowered position, with his hands on his hips with his thumbs in his belt. He walks in sly and comical way by taking a couple steps followed by a quick tip toe. This walk shows alacrity; he also uses it to show off in front of Columbina. His joints are often loose and floppy. When Arlecchino spots someone, the mask moves first; he then hops round and into the gesture of greeting. He is physically quick and slow mentally, in contrast with Brighella (who can, however, be fast physically when he needs to be). His gestures extend to the fingertips with each digit having a separate articulation. His speech is guttural and hoarse from street hawking and the are no pauses or silences for the sake of effect he either speaks continuously or doesnt speak at all. Arlecchino is in love with Columbina, but his sexual appetite is immediate in terms of any passing woman. He is occasionally aware the audience is there and can make asides during which he gives his full attention to the spectators before returning to complete absorption in the action. His character is a mixture of ignorance, naivete, wit, stupidity and grace. He is both a rake and an overgrown boy with occasional gleams of intelligence, and his mistakes and clumsiness often have wayward charm. His acting is patterned on the lithe, agile grace of a young cat, and he has a superficial coarseness which makes his performances all the more amusing. He plays the role of a faithful valet, always patient, credulous, and greedy. He is enternally amorous, and is constantly in difficulties either on his own or on his masters account. He is hurt and confronted in turn as easily as a child, and his grief is almost as comic as his joy. Lelio Lelio is one of the lovers (Isabellas partner) and is usually the son of Il Dottore or has no relations. He is high in stature, but is usually brought low by the hopelessness of his infatuation. He wears the latest fashion, which at that time was to be dresses as a young soldier or cadet. Sometimes he dressed in an over fashionable colour scheme that was very feminine with a great deal of flair. Lelio is young, attractive, modest, courteous and gallant. He occasionally wears a mask that covers only his eyes but often went unmasked. His signature prop is a handkerchief. His feet have a lack of firm contact with the earth, making his stance and walk air like. His chest and heart appear heavy and full of breath. His legs are usually tightly together, with only one foot firmly planted on the ground, and the other crawling upward like he has to go to the loo. He does not walk as much as tweeter, due to the instability of his base. First the head leans the other way to the body sway. Then the arms have to be used, one above the other, as a counterweight like and off balance tip toe. His pose can be anything that might look Vogue and whenever he is sitting, his legs are crossed in a feminine matter. Lelios movements are well-to-do but ridiculously exaggerated. His movement comes at the point of overbalance, leading to a sideways rush towards a new focus, with his arms left trailing behind. When stopping at the new point (usually the beloved or some token thereof) before almost touching it. The Lovers (he and Isabella) have little or no physical contact. When there is any, the minimum has maximum effect. Lelio is often holding a handkerchief or flower, etc. in his leading hand. His arms never make identical shapes and because of his vanity, he  frequently looks in a hand mirror, only to become upset by any minor imperfection that is discovered. He is always looking to see if a ribbon or sequin is out of place. A button found on the floor or a blemish in the coiffure equals disaster. His speech makes great display of courtly words and baroque metaphors, also knowing large extracts of poems by heart. He speaks softly in musical sentences which are often flamboyant, hyperbolical and full of amorous rhetoric. When it comes to women, his words are the only thing that shows that he might have any interest. His body language, actions, tone, all contradict any infatuation he may have with a female. The only reason why he would express an interest in a female is because he loves the idea of love. However he seems genuinely more in love with himself and other male characters before he is in love with a woman. He relate exclusively to himself he is in love with himself being in love. The last person he actually relates to in the course of the action is often Isabella. When he and she do meet they have great difficulty in communicating with each other (usually because of the nerves). And they relate to their servants only in terms of pleading for help. The Lovers love each other, yet are more preoccupied with being seen as lovers, undergoing all the hardships of being in such a plight, than with actual fulfilment. Consequently they frequently scorn each other and feign mild hatred; they rebut, despair, reconcile, but eventually end up marrying in the way of true love when the game is up and they know they cannot play any more. Lelio is extremely aware of being watched. He plays with the audience for sympathy in their plight and occasionally flirts with spectators. Lelio is indispensable. Without him and his inability to resolve problems with Isabella, there would be no struggle between the ineffectuality of youth and the implacability of age. The lovers are never alone on stage   they always have someone with them or spying on them.

Challenges Faced By Abbasid

Challenges Faced By Abbasid The Abbasid Caliphate ruled over the Islamic world, making it one of the influential and longest Islamic dynasties. During the rule of Umayyad, the Abbasids came in a rebellion with the help of coalition of various forces which were unhappy with the rule of Umayyad. Once the Abbasids were in power they continued with many policies that were built by Umayyad. One thing that made unique the Abbasids than the Umayyads was that the Abbasids embrace Persian culture and moved the capital to the new city to the Baghdad while the Abbasid had grown and faced rise as well as fall in the caliphate that are linked to diversity in terms of ethnicities and culture as their openness to Non Muslims also. This period is considered as the most successful and golden age for the Islamic culture. Challenges Faced: In context of fall or challenges faced by Abbasid, author Nigel D. Furlong states that With Kharijite tensions in the government, the rise of the Saffarids, Shiite enemies, and the emerging Qarmatiyyuns, the Abbasid state could not devote the resources necessary to deal with the Zanj revolt until ten years after the Zanj began their military and economic campaign (Rise and Fall, 2008). Under the influence of Abbasids, Baghdad was developed and became the most cultured and the leading city in the world. The literature, art and science were developed under the sponsorship of Caliph Harun al- Rashid and his son, Al-Mamun that created the House of Wisdom. The House of Wisdom was accountable for the translation of knowledge in Arabic from all around the world. With the implementation of such policies, the Abbasids oversaw an Islamic golden age where the learning of many civilizations was expanded and preserved upon. A number of practical innovations took place in different fields such as art, culture, and technical but major improvement was noticed in the field of agriculture. Many new techniques and methods were implemented in order to reduce the labor needs. At the same time, import and export trade process was enhanced and such Islamic innovation continued even as the government of Abbasid fell into the confusion. Gradually, under the governorship of Emirs and of mil itary that controlled the caliphs, Abbasid power became weakened and began to face several challenges (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). During the period of early ninth century, by the time of Caliph Al-Radi, the Abbasid Caliphate was succeeded and thrived despite of having multiethnic and massive empire because of several capable advisors and caliphs. So, the major challenge the Abbasid faced was the multiethnic and massive empire. At the same time, Abbasid faced challenges of revolts from the North Africa and Persia and Harun Al- Rashid was removed from power by the Persian Barmakid family which was supposed to be source of many great advisors. After this event his son Al- Mamun continued with the caliphate (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). Al- Mamun tested and adopted mihna and Mutazili technology in their caliphate which was influenced by the Greek philosophy. It was compulsory to follow the theory or else they could be imprisoned or killed. It leads to the divisions between the Islamic people and Islamic sovereign that was exacerbate by his creation of his army only. The Persian governor ruled as a king and set up his own dynasty however he continued to identify the Abbasid. This continuation of trend of impendent governors as well as the cost of running massive empire and maintaining a large bureaucracy became major challenges for the Abbasid caliphate (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). To overcome with all such challenges, the caliphs granted tax-farms to military commanders and governors and Al-Mutasim expanded its own army called Ghilman. These slaves tried to rule over the people of Baghdad that resulted in the riots and anger of the citizens. Instead of trying to solve the situation, the caliphate moved capital from Baghdad to Samarra. This step was not accurate and the capital moved back to Baghdad by Caliph Al-Muwaffaq who guided the caliphate to new prosperity and hence, Abbasid power gained a new lease on life (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). Impact Of Their Rise To Power: The rise of Abbasid was very impactful not only to Muslims but also to neighboring Non-Muslim states. The major important factor in their caliphate was its openness to the people; previously which was subject to the rejection by the Umayyad Caliphate. The rise of the Abbasid Caliphate greatly enriched every field such as agriculture, trade, natural science, literature, astronomy, chemistry as well as mathematics (Rise and Fall, 2008). In context of the cultural values Amira K. Bennison states in his book The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire that the rulers of Abbasids nurtured the civilized values in their caliphate which western civilizations so often claim to represent and inculcated (Bennison, 2009). During that period, Abbasids were trying to advance all sectors of the economy mostly due to the efforts of Muslim Persians working in those respective fields. In the beginning of their rule many different aspects of Quran were also flourished because of the new idea proposed by the Muslims as well as Non Muslims of the state. The openness strategy of their community lead to the innovation in technology with the implementation of new methods and ideas so that they overcome with their Arabian and Non Arabian counterparts and it reshaped industries into more effective and wealth producing industries (Rise and Fall, 2008). Under the rule of Harun al- Rashid, Baghdad became the most important centre for philosophy, science, education, medicine and the literature. It share contacts and borders with many distant empires to collect, migrate, expand and translate knowledge of other civilizations like Indians, Persians, Greeks, Chinese and Romans. The Indian numerals which have become standard in the western world and in the Islamic were aided in the scientific discoveries and mathematics. Other Scholars such as Al- Biruni and Abu Nasar Mansur made contribution in the development of the astronomy and geometry while Al-Kindi synthesized Greek philosophy and revolutionized mathematics with Islamic thought. Many important innovations were taken place in the region which was important reason for the growth and development and hence, today this period is known as the Islamic Golden Age. This impacted innovation and development in the Muslim as well as in the Non Muslim states. The process of imports and exports w ere enhanced with new ideas, rules, laws and policies. Literatures were developed with the contribution of many scholars and writers in all subjects such as mathematics, astronomy, economics or science. Similarly, improved method of agriculture, advanced farming and crop techniques was implemented that reduced the need for labor and increased the productivity that ultimately enhanced economic situation of the region and also of the neighboring region (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization).

Judaism Essay -- Religion, Jews, Christians

I learned a lot of facts about Judaism that I had previously been ignorant to. I had no idea that we (Christians & Jews) maintained the same bible (The Old Testament) but that we interpreted certain events differently, such as Adam and Eve. â€Å"In Judaism, each and every human being is free to choose good or evil because each person stands before God in the same relationship that Adam and Eve did† (Esposito 77). I was unaware that Judaism did not believe in â€Å"original sin.† I had no knowledge of the fact that Jews did not believe that Christ was resurrected from the dead. I found it interesting how Jews have split into separate groups – Reform Jews, who believe that Judaism is a cultural inheritance and that neither the laws nor beliefs are necessary. The Conservative Jews, who believe in strict obedience to most laws, but that belief in God is not the point. The Orthodox Jews, who believe in the literal reading of the Torah and strict obedience to the laws . Finally there are the ultra-Orthodox Jews, a radical group, that have attempted to separate from the non-Jewish and secular worlds because they refuse any type of compromise with modernity. â€Å"In the eyes of the ultra-Orthodox, their secular, Reform, and Conservative brethren are not really Jews, and Orthodox Jews are not orthodox enough† (Esposito 80). I found it amazing how the world was trying to get rid of the Jews but in doing so they helped them to survive by keeping them together. â€Å"Jews were forced to live in segregated quarters called ghettos† (Esposito 106). I was also unaware as to the horrific past Jews have suffered. I knew of the Holocaust but I was unaware of the other atrocious historic events that have marred their life such as the Crusades where Jews were forced t... ...vivid reminder of Christianity’s early hostility toward Islam† (Esposito 256-257). I found it even more distressing that the history of Christian deceit did not end their. Muslims remember hearing of freedom and independence but in all actuality, â€Å"†¦it was an independence of artificial creations† (Esposito 266). No one was really concerned with their independence as much as they were concerned with controlling their oil. Muslims also are unable to forget â€Å"†¦the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, now often called the Six-Day War† where â€Å"The Arabs experienced a massive loss of territory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Esposito 267). It is amazing to me the history of these three religions and how completely uneducated most people are to all three of the religions. How can we be expected to be tolerant of one another and our differences if we do not fully understand and appreciate the history of each other?

A Martian Sends a Postcard Home, by Craig Raine Essay

Formal The first method of criticism to use to better understand the 1979 poem â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home† by Craig Raine is Formalism. When you want to analyze a poem wishing the formalist method you should look at three things. The form, the physical structure of the poem, such as the length of the lines or stanzas, their rhythms, and their rhymes and repetition. Next is diction, what the words of the poem literally mean and why they chose that exact word instead of another one. Last is the unity of the poem, this is when significant parts of the poem come together to make the entire then whole. A formalist will look at all of these things when they critique a poem to try to understand the deeper meaning. Let’s first look at the structure of the poem. â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home† is comprised of 34 lines in couplets that do not rhyme. Sometimes words seem to be places where they shouldn’t be almost overflowing onto the next line. This use of couplets is for the readers benefit, it makes the poem much easier to read on the page. He also could have formatted his poem like this because the poem contains many metaphors and it is easier to focus on the metaphor if there is a break in between. Cleanth Brooks would call this an Aesthetic Structure because the structure of the poem is meant for the readers to understand it easier. Raine tries to write the poem to appeal to whoever is reading it and that is why he chose this form of writing in his poem. Second, we need to look at the diction inside the poem and there is a lot of interesting word choices by Raine. The best way to do this is to look at what words are in each line and what each line is saying. The first six lines are where the author uses his first comparison. A Caxton is a reference to the Englishman Will Caxton who first printed books. He then compares these books to a creature of earth, birds. He compares the bird’s wings to the pages of the books and both birds and books each have their way of showing their importance or meaning. Birds show how their importance and meaning with their color and books show how their importance and meaning with the words they contain. â€Å"cause the eyes to melt/ or the body to shriek without pain† refer to human emotions cry and laugh that the speaker of the poem (The Martian) doesn’t understand. Then he goes on to say how a book cannot fly but he has seen one perch on the hand, making note of how humans hold bo oks as they read them. The next four lines also make a comparison between nature and mankind. â€Å"Mist is when the sky is tired of flight† could be saying that the sky is a way to travel for the Martian through a UFO or spaceship. â€Å"engravings under tissue paper† takes us back to a book but this time it seems unimportant, like the Martian might not understand the importance of a book. Lines 11 and 12 the rain is compared to a T.V. They both make things appear darker than they really. Also, rain could be like the static in a T.V when the signal is fuzzy often when it is raining. The next two lines talk about â€Å"a Model T† which is a kind of car that was very popular in the early 1900’s. The â€Å"room† is the inside of the car where everyone sits and the â€Å"lock† is ignition where the key goes. â€Å"Key is turned to free the world† is the car moving and the â€Å"film† is the mirror that lets you see the world as it goes by in case you mis sed something. Lines 17 and 18 talks about something a lot of people have an obsession with keeping track of, time. Tied to a wrist is a watch and kept in a box is a clock. The Martian is saying that humans try to make time an object and there is no reason for this because your time will always run out. Lines 19- 24 make another comparison to mankind and nature, an ongoing theme in the poem. This time it’s comparing a telephone to a baby. If the phone rings it is similar to a baby when it cries, a parent needs to pick the baby up when it cries as you need to pick up the phone when it is ringing. When the baby is tickled it is like when you dial a number into the phone you are both using your fingers do the action. The next six lines talk about a child and an adult using the restrooms differently. The children â€Å"are allowed to suffer/openly† while the â€Å"Adults go to a punishment room / with water but nothing to eat.† Going back to a similar theme with time being imprisoned the people impress themselves in these bathrooms. Everyone is punished when they use the restroom and no one is safe from this punishment. The people force themselves to use the restroom and the children as well, in the eyes of the Martian. The last lines have the last comparison which brings us full circle in the poem. He makes the comparison of reading to dreaming. The night everything becomes dark and the people as a couple start to dream. The author might have used couples like how the whole poem is in couplets showing that humans belong in pairs. â€Å"With their eyelids shut† is them sleeping in bed â€Å"read about themselves† is their dreams. All in all, there are many metaphors to unpack in this poem and you start to get an understanding of the overall meaning of the poem and its unity. So what message is Raine trying to get across to us with all of his man vs nature metaphors? A formalist would argue that Raine is just trying to paint a picture of what an outsider would actually see if they were not in our society. They don’t see things the way humans do and they can’t even think of the right words to say for the things the Martian is seeing. The metaphors thought out the poem reinforce the point that the Martian isn’t sure what he is seeing and can only describe them in things that he has seen before. The Martian is able to take his experiences and connect them in a way with the humans. He thinks some of the things they do are strange and funny at the time, but he can still make references to his own life and his views on life. However, this might not at all be what the author is saying. It is possible that we have no idea what Raine meant when writing this poem and Allen Tate argues the only real way to understand what modern poetry contains is to â€Å"Start young, read the classical languages and later read the philosophers.† We can only make a guess at what Raine was saying in this poem and that is what makes poetry beautiful. Everyone can take it their own way, an infinite possibility of what the poem means to them or to anyone. Or could it be that formalism is not the best method of understanding this poem and we need to look more outside the text to understand what Raine meant? Psychological Criticism This next method of Criticism isn’t as much as taking the text at face value like the formalist method. It is about trying to get inside the mind of the author and figure out what was going on in his head when he was writing his poetry. There are 4 main critics that use Psychological criticism when unpacking literary work and they each have similar but unique styles when doing so. The first is Sigmund Freud, to have a Freudian approach to this text you would not oversimplify what the author meant and exaggerate your interoperations of symbolism as well as using all of Freud’s psychological jargon. This will allow you to dive deeper into the text and not just float on the top of the water. The second is Carl Jung and Mythological Criticism. Jung focuses on two things, the Conscious/Unconscious and archetypes. The Conscious/Unconscious refer to the human psyche and how our ancient ancestors thought and felt. Archetypes are very typical examples of a certain person or thin g. Jung talks about archetypes for characters, images, and situations. The third Northrop Frye used Jung’s ideas of archetypes to help promote his â€Å"theory of myths†. Frye argued that every text follows one of four mythoi and the whole text was called the monomyth. Last Jacques Lacan came up with an updated Freudian method for understanding literature. He had a different method for analysis characters in stories such as other and Other. The small o being the inside and the Big O is the outside of the body. Lacan also came up with Antirealism which is his assertion that langue is detached from reality. All of these four authors methods are important when looking at what Rain meant when writing â€Å"A Martain Sends a Postcard Home† and to get a better understand lets us apply of these to the Poem. The last Stanza of this poem â€Å"read about themselves/ in color, with their eyelids shut† could be argued that this is a dream that the humans are having. Freudian theory becomes stronger when people are dreaming, Freud believed that dreams are a symbol of antiquity and that their dreams contain the needs of the induvial that they might fight troublesome

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology Free Online Research Papers The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980) developed his theory of genetic epistemology throughout a nearly 60-year career as a professor and experimental researcher. Before he was 30 years of age, he was world renowned for his explorations of the cognitive development of children. Piaget is credited with fundimental contributions to the disciplines of child psychology, educational psychology, and, most famously, his cognitive development theory. Piagets experimental studies of infants, children, and adolescents provided insight into the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. He took childrens thinking seriously and respected them as the architects of their own intellectual development. Piagets child-centered research and observations of infants and children led him to the discovery that children think in different ways than adults as they progress through four distinct stages of development. Sensory-motor stage (birth to about 2 years): Infants rely on their senses to understand the world around them. Preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years): Pre-school children develop an increased capacity for symbolic thinking and the use of language and images. Concrete-operational stage (about 7 to 11 years): Children think logically and begin to see the world from others perspective. Formal operational stage (age 11 to adult): Hypothetical and abstract reasoning with systematic problem solving and abstract thinking. The formal operational stage begins at approximately age eleven to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes apparent during the formal operational stage. Deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome. This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics. While children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage. Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. This type of thinking is important in long-term planning. In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error to solve problems. Dur ing the formal operational stage, the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges. Children at the formal operational stage of cognitive development are often able to quickly plan an organized approach to solving a problem and have abstract thoughts. During the formal operational stage, the child goes through dramatic changes concerning his or her physiological and psychological state. During their course of development, adolescents face various developmental challenges and conflicts. These challenges need to resolve in order to move forward through their development. Hence, adolescence is a transitional period, where an individual goes from childhood to full maturity. Adolescents change cognitively in terms of the way that they think about social matters. Adolescent Egocentrism governs the way that adolescents think about social matters and is the heightened self-consciousness. This self awareness is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness. Adolescent Egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking: imaginary audience that involves attention getting behavior, and personal fable which involves an adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility, among others. The world renowned psychiatrist, Erik Erikson, presented the eight stages of emotional development which compliments Piaget’s theory. He stated that in the stage of adolescence (which he calls Identity vs. Role Confusion) the child learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of Who am I? But even the best adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity confusion. For instance, most teens experiment with minor delinquency, rebellious behavior, and self – doubting thoughts. Love, trust and authority can be the factors which decide what an adolescent’s personality and emotional development will be. The nature of love, and how the capacity to love develops, has become the subject of scientific study over the last decade. It has great implication for child development. Scientists have found that in addition to shaping the brains of infants, a mothers love acts as a guide for love itself. It has far reaching effects on her childs development and ability to love throughout life. However, what is less obvious is that a parent’s love is equally, if not more important for a child during adolescence. Although parents normally remain an important source of guidance and support, part of the adolescents struggle is to work toward independence from them. Thus adolescents continue to rely on their parents for material support and instrumental rewards, normally respecting their ideals as sources of continuity and stability. They are less likely, however, to see their parents as helpful in developing their views on present and future issues. For their part, parents generally feel an ob ligation to â€Å"socialize their adolescents properly by choosing their friends and placing them in certain groups and, hence, tend to be judgmental as their adolescent children explore different directions. Therefore, close friendships, because they involve non-judgmental yet caring equals, help the adolescent develop a sense of identity by offering a climate of growth and self-knowledge that the family may not be equipped for. In Tanach we see such a strong friendship in David and Yonasan. Although Yonasan was defying his father by seeing David, their bond was too strong to break. When it came to choosing between obeying his father and saving David’s life, Yonasan chose to save David, even though it meant facing his father’s angry wrath afterward. Their friendship had meant to much to him. Trust is another important aspect in an adolescent’s life. They need to trust, and be trusted. If a teen feels like they aren’t being trusted they may rebel. A study was done to see a pre-teen’s trust in their parents and the results showed that early and middle adolescents were willing to depend on mothers and fathers. However, with increasing age, adolescents were less likely to share private thoughts, feelings, and secrets with parents. While daughters and sons were similar in their willingness to depend on parents, daughters reported sharing confidences more with mothers and less with fathers. This is unlike the son’s whose preference was the father. Contrary to expectations, adolescents trust in best friends did not vary with age, but females reported greater trust in friends than did males. In Judaism, trust plays a major role. Emunah, trust in our G-d, trust in our rabbis and teachers, trust in our parents, and trust between peers is what makes someone a better person. If one does not place his trust in people, then he will have a hard time in life and always be looking behind his back to see what someone is doing. Trust is one of the keys to a happy and healthy life. The famous story of Peter, the boy who ‘cried wolf’ is a well known example of an adolescent taking advantage and misusing given trust. He had the trust of the townspeople until he used it up and no one wanted to help him when he really needed it. As a child enters adolescence, perhaps due to the fact that logical and abstract reasoning skills increase, and there is also a greater tendency to question authority. Also adolescents test the limits of new adult roles because they feel as if they don’t fit in with the younger children anymore, and need to prove to the adults that they are â€Å"just like them†. At this time, emotional adaptation becomes necessary for both adolescents and their parents. Authority is also a big factor in the Jewish outlook on life. We have the authority of rabbis and parents which we must accept, and of course, it all stems from our submission to the will of Hashem. There’s a story about a man who didn’t listen to his rabbanim, and as a result, the people in his town did not want to accept him into their circles. They ignored him and his life was becoming increasingly difficult. After a while, this man realized that he could not go on without the support of his peers, and he knew that they were right for not befriending him. He understood that in order to live a decent life, one must accept authority. Once he was able to mend his ways he became reaccepted and lived a happy life. Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory not only describes perfectly what is going on in each child’s brain as they grow and develop but it also pays tribute to the psychologist Erikson, whose theory compliments Piaget’s. Most theories on development stem from Piaget’s original theory. Love, trust and authority may not be written straight out in his texts, but somewhere along the lines, Piaget knew what comes into play in the development of a child and that those three factors are definitely important to a healthy development. ? Sources 1] E-Notes.com: enotes.com/psychology-theories/piaget-jean 2] Psychology today – Psychological journal: http://psychology.about.com/od/piagetstheory/p/formaloperation.htm 3] Associated Content.com : associatedcontent.com/article/365045/physical_and_social_development_of.html 4] Wikipedia-online encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development 5] Looking Forward Through the Lifespan by K. Peterson Research Papers on Developmental PsychologyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and Autumn

Culture shock for international students in Great Britain. essays

Culture shock for international students in Great Britain. essays International students in Great Britain have many difficulties with English culture. On the one hand, the main aim for the international students is to receive knowledge. From the other side culture influences much on the achievements of foreign students. In Great Britain, the most difficult is to get used to English laws, culture and prices. The laws in Great Britain are very strict and they differ much from the laws in other countries. In addition, there is no way to overcome them. For example, people must be more than eighteen years old to enter nightclub and there is no way to enter it, unless you are eighteen years old. Unfortunately, in Great Britain there are not many places where students can relax themselves and nightclubs are one of those places. The next difficulty for international student is English culture. The main problem of English culture is strange sense of humor. Sometimes people do not know should they laugh on the jokes or no. However, there are many other problems of English culture like strange accent of British people, unusual food and driving on the left side. The other reason is high prices. Great Britain is one of the most expensive countries in the whole word. Moreover, if to speak about international students they sometimes even do not have enough money to eat in McDonalds or go to the cinema. In conclusion, level of education in Great Britain is very high, but there are still many problems for international students. Despite on this, Great Britain is the perfect place for international students to receive a good knowledge. ...

The poem Ithaca Essay Example

The poem Ithaca Essay Example The poem Ithaca Paper The poem Ithaca Paper One of the most important messages expressed in the poem is that the Journey is the important part, therefore it does not matter if the goal is achieved but it matters that something is learnt on the journey to achieve it. One of the joys mentioned in the poem is to visit many Egyptian cities, to gather stores of knowledge from the learned. In the ancient world, Egypt was a center of learning, especially its capital city, Alexandria, which was one of the largest cities in the world and contained the largest library. This is a form of imagery that is used to show that when new places are visited, or new experiences are completed a persons knowledge will always increase. Have Ithaca always in your mind. Your arrival there is what you are destined for. Any traveler of the journey of life, must always keep Ithaca in mind, because it is his or her final destination, their ultimate aim. Without it there would be a lack motivation, which would lead to a minimum amount of goals being completed which means when Ithaca is reached a person will look back at their journey and be regretful. The journey to Ithaca should not be hurried, and it is better that it last many years, so that the traveler is old by the time he reaches the final destination and has gained many things from their journey. This is due to the fact that throughout that extra time an Individual can achieve more goals have more adventures and gain more knowledge. However an Individual should not be expecting Ithaca to give you wealth. Ithaca gave you a splendid journey. Without her you would not have set out. She hasnt anything else to give you. This is because throughout the journey to reach Ithaca an individual should have achieved everything that they wanted to so that by the time they reach the end of their journey, or life, there will be nothing left for them to regret and they will be perfectly contend with their lives and what they have achieved. And if you find her poor, Ithaca hasnt deceived you. , because Ithaca has already gifted you, by being your goal, with so many thing and experiences that there will be nothing that Ithaca can give you due to the fact you will already have all you wanted. The Author believes that for a person to have a truly accomplished life and have no regret they most have goals and aims, with their final aim being Ithaca. Individuals should aim to experience the most out of their lives, and should realize that small things compared to big things in life can be just important. Throughout the journey of life there will be challenges and problems that will get in the way of an individual achieving their goals, but they should not let them get in their way of their final aim but count them as another step to accomplish it. Even if all goals are not completed as planned it does not matter for the journey to Ithaca is the important part, due to the fact that once the individual reaches Ithaca they will have gained knowledge and experience They should also have no regret. This is the gift Ithaca gives you. So wise you have become, of such experience, that already youll have understood what these Ithacas mean

Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexuality - Essay Example In some cases, the discourses focused on the struggle between patriarchal forces and the forces of feminist responses. Thesis Although gender and sexuality tend to define categories and identities within some cultural frames of references, these discourses often get disrupted by other forces such as class, and race, which eventually determine the manner in which they are represented at individual level, group, societal and national levels. Roadmap This paper will focus on some readings and films with the objective of determining the manner in which they represent the subject of gender and sexuality. The major topics will revolve around gender, race, and class. Gender Vast amounts of literature and films explore the dynamics and challenges that are anchored on the discourses of gender and sexuality. These films and readings cover some of the dominant themes within this discourse including power, subjugation, tribulation, emancipation, cultural factors, and empowerment. Many convergent themes on the matter continue to attend to the matter including the possibility of creating structures that would redeem the oppressed gender from the systematic structural disadvantages that make it difficult for them to gain any meaningful progress within the discourse human development. Radical approaches on both feminism and patriarchy have often been attributed to the rise of gay, lesbianism, homoeroticism, bisexuals, heterosexuals, and other categories that cut across both men and women. As such, the line of demarcation has been erased to an extent that multiple possibilities could exist within the same individual. However, gender, race, and class remain the most dominant discourses that determine the gender and sexuality. Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, explores the psychological tensions and damage that result from the systematic and structural oppression from the patriarchal system. The narrator is a woman who struggles from a mental con dition in a house in which her husband confines her. She observes a strange and disturbing pattern of an oppressed woman in the wallpaper. Retaining her in the house symbolizes some aspect of triumph by the patriarchal forces by retaining her to her domestic role within the expectations of the custom on gender roles. The narrator’s final act of tearing down the wallpaper symbolizes an act of defiance against the gender design that subjugates women and imprisons them within the domestic space. Gilman’s short story is comparable in theme to the film Rabbit- Proof Fence directed by Philip Noyce. The film focusses on the plight of three aboriginal girls attempt to escape from the stifling conditions imposed onto them by the captors and tormentors who want to exploit them for some higher goals of social transformation. In this film, the three young girls are not defined in any terms larger than their sexuality and gender. Their captors intend to train them to be future hous e helps for the white people. They also hope that the girls would eventually get married to the white community in order to erase rid the aboriginal community of the â€Å"impure† elements. The struggle of the three girls to redeem themselves from the retrogressive social roles imposed on them underlines a deep-seated gender division that actively violates the rights and liberties of the female gender for their own private gains. Race The subjugation of women becomes even more complicated when perceived from the perspective of race.

Fame asylum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fame asylum - Essay Example With only 2 weeks to teach his band how to sing in English, get them to learn how to dance, and get them whipped into perfect condition for their London South Bank performance. After an exhaustive search, his band â€Å"Asylum† was finally formed. Its members were David, Long, and Aaron. Now. lets get to meet the band members and their reason for seeking asylum. David is a just a simple Nigerian who has problems with commitment. Originally from Nigeria, he came to the UK 2 years ago after his mother died and he was hounded out of his village. He is currently a resident of Birmingham. He feels like the church is his life and his life will end if the church is taken away from him. This is a connection he developed because it was his church that helped him flee persecution in his village by giving him a chance to come to England. He never knew his father and he has no relatives in the UK so he took a huge chance in coming over to the new world where he would have to overcome loneliness. He never thought about going back to Nigeria despite the loneliness because he wanted to stay away from that sad area of his past. With only $5 to spend on food and clothing everyday, he leads the hard life but he is quite happy with his current lot in life. As Richard put it, â€Å"Things must be pretty bad at home for him if he considers this an improvement. † Long on the other hand, left Vietnam 3 years ago (at the time of filming) with his father who was trying to escape the repercussions of being a political dissident in his home country. They traveled across Asia and Europe in a lorry in order to make their way away from Vietnam. The father and son were separated during their journey and Long found himself quite alone in the UK, never again having heard of or seen his father since the traffickers separated them during the trip. What keeps him going everyday is the hope that he will be allowed to stay legally in the UK

A Criminal Profiling Code of Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Criminal Profiling Code of Ethics - Coursework Example As a component of the criminal exploratory procedure, profiling offers depth into crime scene examinations; the mannerism of a criminal is reflective of ones fundamental psychological process. In most instances, the outward show of a scene where a crime has been committed can also disclose vital information concerning the perpetrator's fundamental sociopathy, psychopathy, enduring personality or psychopathology. Profiling is also valuable when trying to find slight commonalities in successive crimes. It has not grown as a tool for identifying a criminal in a case; to a certain extent, it has developed as a way of providing depth to an entire investigation. Profiling assists in undertaking psychological assessments in cases of ambivalent death. In many instances, a profile can help investigators in creating the probability that the death was a consequence of suicidal, natural, homicidal or accidental origin. Profiling can propose new possibilities of investigation, hold up the working hypotheses of criminal investigating officers, develop a structure for cross-examination after suspect arrest, and aid the prosecution or defense in developing a case presentation strategy in the courtroom (R. Holmes, 2009; S. Holmes, 2009). There are a noteworthy number of ethical concerns raised by the need for profiling professionalization. There is no precise training or educational qualifications for one to be labeled a profiler. The absence of training or educational requirements also implies that there are no basic standards for the determination of proficiency; the need for competency standards promotes the failure to either sanction or discipline profiling practitioners who are incompetent or irresponsible. There is no juried structure for practice quantification, there is no conformity as to what the procedure of designing a profile involves, or what a profile should include, and there is no universally acceptable methodology for conducting the process of profiling. This means there is no scientific foundation on which profiling stands, as it cannot undergo analysis and its procedure cannot, as a result, be replicable. On the side of profiling practice, there are many ethical issues connected with the employing of psychological and personality theories as a way of influencing criminal investigation results. Profiling has been depicted by the press as a heroic or romantic occupation, probably ensuing in an inexact view of the role and life of a profiler. Consequently, the field might draw people who are less capable to proficient practice. When not convincingly done, profiling can lead to severe harm or inflict delays in the real resolution of a case by proposing wrong investigation directions. The hunt of suspects who fall in a typology proposed by the profiler which is extremely diverse than that of the real person responsible could also give rise to the arrest or implication of guiltless parties. Lastly, there are no officially acceptable ethical principles for the profiling practice (R. Holmes, 2009; S. Holmes, 2009). Relevance of Victimology to Criminal Profiling Victimology is extremely relevant in criminal profiling because it examines victims as involved in an asymmetric situation or relationship.   "Asymmetry" implies whatever event that is exploitative, unbalanced, alienating, parasitical, destructive, oppressive, or having inbuilt suffering.  For instance, vacationers got lost on one of the nation’s main freeway. Most of their dead bodies were later on found in the National Forest, in varying conditions of decomposition. Some made their trips as couples, others unaccompanied. They were both females and males, aged around 20 to 25. They were

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Case Study Example There is favoritism and discrimination going on at the workplace. An employee such as Fred, despite the fact that he is more skill oriented than Bob, and performs exceptionally well does not get an increase of his salary. There is the lack of privacy. Employees are not supposed to share their some information especially when it is salary oriented. Sharing this information could lead to a lot of conflicts in the workplace. As the director, I would carry out an evaluation process on each employee. I would do this by initiating a scale rating which usually indicates the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. The key areas I would concentrate on are, following rules and instructions, ability to get along with others and effectiveness. After carrying out the evaluation, I would call every employee and give feedback to them. If Fred seems to be working well, as he implies then I would recommend a raise of salary and promote him to a higher position. If he is under performing, I would have to release him off his duties. Jack Otto should introduce a policy of rewarding the exceptional employees, who keep time on arriving in the morning and employees who get along with other employees well. This would keep Bob on his toes and will even start arriving at the workplace earlier than expected. Putting up with Bob’s behavior for a long time, his lateness is not an issue anymore. The company has ignored Bob and actions have not been taken against him. This has spearheaded the existing problem with Bob. Policies usually provide ethics by which an institute governs its employee relations in a fair and steady manner. The policies and procedures help employees be aware of what is expected and can prevent misunderstandings about employer policies. Some of the policies which could have prevented the problem from happening are; George should establish a method for all employees in his department to report complains confidentially. He should also incorporate

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Business law - Essay Example Mary has not committed any tort because her derogatory remarks for Lonnie were not published. Also, the given facts do not indicate that she prompted Bill to make a citizen’s arrest. She was also unaware of the company’s new policy and her accusations were based on what Bill her told her. Lonnie has not committed any tort because he acted within the rules. He had paid for the colored pencils that he took. Bill and Mary’s not knowing was not Lonnie’s fault because he was not responsible for the promulgation of the new policy. Bill may defend himself using the fact that he did not have any knowledge of the company’s new policy. However, he will also have to prove that Lonnie concealed the colored pencils, he tried to get away with them and Bill’s 20 minute detention was because he was running away. If a claim of defamation is made against Mary, she can defend herself by contending that her derogatory speech to Lonnie was not published. She can also contend that Bill acted on his own when he made a faulty citizen’s arrest of Lonnie. Lonnie cannot by charged with any tort because he has not committed any tort. He acted upon his knowledge that his employer allowed him to purchase office supplies at cost and he took the colored pencils after paying for them. Bill made a citizen’s arrest of Lonnie upon his belief that he had stolen the colored pencils. His arrest is justified but the unreasonable detention is not. He must have been able to hand over the culprit to the police right away. If Lonnie was trying to run away and keeping on fighting, only then the 20 minute detention will be justified. 2. A contract that is formed by coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud or a mistake is a voidable contract. It is voidable at the option of the aggrieved party i.e. such party has the option to declare the contract void or valid. 5. The signage notification of an

Cores of Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cores of Realism - Essay Example This essay examines the relevance of the core ideas of Realism in a contemporary world. It explores the roots of the theory, from Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau to Morgenthau, Beitz and Doyle. The core assumptions are that states are inherently self interested, unitary actors performing on an anarchic global stage.It looks at modern problems of Realism presented by a re-emergence of liberalism, the emergence of globalisation and its apparent incompatibility with democracy. Realism is a term we commonly use to define a motivation for behaving in accordance with truths and facts which exist independently of sentiment, emotive persuasions or overtly ideological tendencies. Within politics and more specifically, international relations, Realism has come to mean to mean a rejection of moralistic or ethical concerns in favour of a more pragmatic approach to policy and diplomacy. Realism places emphasis on the national security of a state rather than focusing on the application of moral c oncepts such as justice. Are these ideas still relevant in today's society or is there significant evidence to suggest states are primarily motivated by concepts of what is right, rather than what is necessary These issues will be explored throughout this essay, beginning with an investigation into the history of Realism. The roots of Realism can be traced back centuries to Machiavelli (1513) and Hobbes (1651). Both have had and continue to have a major influence on the shaping of political theory, particularly with their most celebrated works, The Prince and Leviathan. The latter claims that "in the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory. The first, maketh men invade for gain; the second for safety; and the third, for reputation" (Hobbes 1651/1996, p. 83). Because of Man's natural tendency to be driven by competition and aggression, he will find himself in a perpetual state of war. Though the implementation of a sovereign will, in some way, offer salvation from the immediate state of war between individuals, it will not prevent conflict between states, which have their own interests to protect. It is therefore "the office of the sovereign for which he was trusted with the sovereign power, namely the procuration of the safety of the people; to which he is obliged by the law of nature." (Hobbes 1651/1996, p.175). This overriding aim of national security takes precedence over the individual concerns of those within the state. Indeed, Hobbes argues that the sovereign "can be no injury to any of his subjects" (p.117) which essentially gives the sovereign carte blanche to act upon their own decision without appeal to the general public. In particular, "is annexed to the sovereign the right of making war, and peace with other nations and commonwealths." (Hobbes 1651/1996 p.119). Machiavelli takes a similar and arguably, more radical view with regards to the implementation of policy (1513/1999). The thrust of his book, The Prince is in how to maintain the most powerful state. His view of man is that they "are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours" (Machiavelli 1513/1999, p. 54). The thrust of the book is in how to maintain the most powerful state. It offers an early form of utilitarianism, which is an important aspect within the core ideas of Realism. He argues that, "By making an example or two he will prove more compassionate than those who, being too compassionate allow disorders while lead to murder and rapine. These nearly

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Case Study Example There is favoritism and discrimination going on at the workplace. An employee such as Fred, despite the fact that he is more skill oriented than Bob, and performs exceptionally well does not get an increase of his salary. There is the lack of privacy. Employees are not supposed to share their some information especially when it is salary oriented. Sharing this information could lead to a lot of conflicts in the workplace. As the director, I would carry out an evaluation process on each employee. I would do this by initiating a scale rating which usually indicates the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. The key areas I would concentrate on are, following rules and instructions, ability to get along with others and effectiveness. After carrying out the evaluation, I would call every employee and give feedback to them. If Fred seems to be working well, as he implies then I would recommend a raise of salary and promote him to a higher position. If he is under performing, I would have to release him off his duties. Jack Otto should introduce a policy of rewarding the exceptional employees, who keep time on arriving in the morning and employees who get along with other employees well. This would keep Bob on his toes and will even start arriving at the workplace earlier than expected. Putting up with Bob’s behavior for a long time, his lateness is not an issue anymore. The company has ignored Bob and actions have not been taken against him. This has spearheaded the existing problem with Bob. Policies usually provide ethics by which an institute governs its employee relations in a fair and steady manner. The policies and procedures help employees be aware of what is expected and can prevent misunderstandings about employer policies. Some of the policies which could have prevented the problem from happening are; George should establish a method for all employees in his department to report complains confidentially. He should also incorporate

Cores of Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cores of Realism - Essay Example This essay examines the relevance of the core ideas of Realism in a contemporary world. It explores the roots of the theory, from Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau to Morgenthau, Beitz and Doyle. The core assumptions are that states are inherently self interested, unitary actors performing on an anarchic global stage.It looks at modern problems of Realism presented by a re-emergence of liberalism, the emergence of globalisation and its apparent incompatibility with democracy. Realism is a term we commonly use to define a motivation for behaving in accordance with truths and facts which exist independently of sentiment, emotive persuasions or overtly ideological tendencies. Within politics and more specifically, international relations, Realism has come to mean to mean a rejection of moralistic or ethical concerns in favour of a more pragmatic approach to policy and diplomacy. Realism places emphasis on the national security of a state rather than focusing on the application of moral c oncepts such as justice. Are these ideas still relevant in today's society or is there significant evidence to suggest states are primarily motivated by concepts of what is right, rather than what is necessary These issues will be explored throughout this essay, beginning with an investigation into the history of Realism. The roots of Realism can be traced back centuries to Machiavelli (1513) and Hobbes (1651). Both have had and continue to have a major influence on the shaping of political theory, particularly with their most celebrated works, The Prince and Leviathan. The latter claims that "in the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory. The first, maketh men invade for gain; the second for safety; and the third, for reputation" (Hobbes 1651/1996, p. 83). Because of Man's natural tendency to be driven by competition and aggression, he will find himself in a perpetual state of war. Though the implementation of a sovereign will, in some way, offer salvation from the immediate state of war between individuals, it will not prevent conflict between states, which have their own interests to protect. It is therefore "the office of the sovereign for which he was trusted with the sovereign power, namely the procuration of the safety of the people; to which he is obliged by the law of nature." (Hobbes 1651/1996, p.175). This overriding aim of national security takes precedence over the individual concerns of those within the state. Indeed, Hobbes argues that the sovereign "can be no injury to any of his subjects" (p.117) which essentially gives the sovereign carte blanche to act upon their own decision without appeal to the general public. In particular, "is annexed to the sovereign the right of making war, and peace with other nations and commonwealths." (Hobbes 1651/1996 p.119). Machiavelli takes a similar and arguably, more radical view with regards to the implementation of policy (1513/1999). The thrust of his book, The Prince is in how to maintain the most powerful state. His view of man is that they "are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours" (Machiavelli 1513/1999, p. 54). The thrust of the book is in how to maintain the most powerful state. It offers an early form of utilitarianism, which is an important aspect within the core ideas of Realism. He argues that, "By making an example or two he will prove more compassionate than those who, being too compassionate allow disorders while lead to murder and rapine. These nearly

Marathon Running Essay Example for Free

Marathon Running Essay Runners come in all shapes and sizes. I have seen 300-pound men and women at the start of a race and in contrast the chiseled muscles of the elite runners. The reasons for running are as various as the runners themselves. Some run for weight lose, mental or physical health, competition, and charity. There are many physical health benefits for running; â€Å"Human bodies burn about 2,000-2,500 calories a day in normal activities. Running 5 miles a day can burn an additional 500 calories. † If this same formula holds true, a person completing a marathon will have burnt close to 2,600 calories. However, how fast a person doesn’t correspond with how much weight they may loose while running. â€Å"For example, a 220-pound person running an eight-minute mile burns 150 calories, while a 120-pound person running at the same pace burns only 82. Every person’s body requires an excess of 3,500 calories in order to gain a pound or a deficit of 3,500 calories in order to lose a pound. Thus, 180-pound person who runs 5 miles each day will lose about 5 pounds a month. However, as his or her weight goes down, he or she will burn fewer calories per mile† according to a study conducted at Vanderbilt University. According to Runner’s World editor Hal Higgdon. â€Å"Running can also have many psychological benefits. Most significantly runners typically report being happier and feeling less stressed than their counterparts who do not run or exercise regularly. Running actually has the ability to alter an individuals moods because hormones called endorphins are released while running. These hormones create a sense of euphoria often referred to as a runner’s high and can result in an improvement in the runner’s mood. † With these endorphins being released into the runner’s body, running can be very addictive. A man or woman can feel like they’ve been turned into Michael Jordan and anything, even running 26 miles, is possible. Running a marathon and the distances to train are also almost spiritual. When I run I am able to solve my companies, personal, families, and the whole worlds problems. I have come up with some of the most life altering and affirming choices in the sunrise of an 8-mile run. Running is also a great stress reliever while running I am able to focus on the road and the miles as they build. I am able to forget about the office, family, or other concerns. There are 26. reasons why a marathon is hard. To put this distance in perspective if you were to drive your car at 60 mph it would take a half an hour to drive that distance. But while running the marathon there is no downtime. You’re the machine, says physical therapist Jim Wharton of New York-based Wharton Performance, which trains world-class athletes. The debate about the difficulty of the marathon, doesn t center just on the physical aspects. Motivation, confidence and mental toughness are necessary, says Stephen Russo, director of sports psychology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System. Running is painful; it’s tedious, and exhausting. After a few miles our bodies scream for us to stop and rest. When the body screams stop that is when the mind takes over and you keep running. Through my experiences in running and race competitions I can say a marathon is not something that can be described it is something must be experienced. In a marathon the participant will be competing against hundreds and in larger races thousands of other hopefuls. In many marathons time restrictions are placed on which the marathon will end. -8 hours after the marathon has began, barricades will be removed and the race rout will be dismantled. If a runner is unable to finish in the allotted time the race officials may take them to the finish line and will not allowed to finish. However during those 6-8 hours a runner can run, jog, or walk any distance they want. When Khalid Khannouchi won the London Marathon last year, he didnt do any walking: He set a world record of 2 hours, 5 minutes and 38 seconds. For elite athletes like Khannouchi distance running is a way of life. Marathoners seem either to be training or getting ready for the next workout. You wake up every morning and you know what you have to do. You have long mileage to accumulate. Sometimes youre already tired from your last two or three workouts. You still have to wake up, have the motivation and go outside and do the training. † Khannouchi said. For me running is not simply about the weight loss or the constant inquires of family, friends, and co-workers who ask, â€Å"How many mile(s) did you run today? † When I run I am only accountable to my trusty stopwatch and myself. The marathon is my Everest. I will be back. Standing there with hundreds of other runners in tank tops and short on a cold fall morning, waiting for the starter pistol. I dont run for the medal or the crowd I run for me. I run despite the 9 times out of 10 it will hurt, but I keep going. I run for that one time that it doesn’t and I am able to finish my run and look down at my stop watch and be excited about a new personal best time, if only a few seconds. I run because I know it will hurt but I keep going and I won’t give into the pain. I am an athlete. I am runner.

Project Integration Management Interview Management Essay

Project Integration Management Interview Management Essay To see a project through to a success completion, there are various processes and methods needed to provide a structure within which to work. Based on best practice, the Project Management Institute (PMI) has established a general guide to areas, the understanding of which, are essential to the successful, on time completion of a project. These areas of expertise are detailed in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2008), published by the Project Management Institute. These areas are known as the Project Management Body of Knowledge or PMBOK and include such topics as the management of project integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk and procurement. This report covers one knowledge area from both the Core and Facilitating Functions of the PMBOK in relation to an interview with Jason Duigou, an experienced Project Manager. This interview is contained within the book IT Project Management: On Track from Start to Finish (Phillips, J. 2002). The area of Project Integration Management is also considered. The interview illustrates that Mr Duigou considers certain areas of Project Management to be especially important. Foremost amongst his recommendations is ongoing regular communication between the team members and close supervision from the Project Manager. He recommends that the correct tools be available to the Project Manager to facilitate the communication process between the Project Manager and between the team members. Project Integration Management As the ninth area of knowledge within the PMBOK, successful Project Integration Management is determined by all the other elements of the project. The Project Managers knowledge of PMBOK is essential to the final, timely integration and delivery of the project. The interview emphasises the four core areas of project management which need to be integrated into a final comprehensive product. In the interview, Mr Duigou strongly recommends that the scope, time and cost constraints are thoroughly discussed amongst all the stake holders at the outset to ensure the final integration of the project goes smoothly and delivers the fourth core requirement, a quality product. Mr Duigou states verify that all questions regarding the plan have been addressed before the implementation and provide a clear understanding of the objectives, roles and responsibilities of all resources during the project (Phillips, J. 2002). Managing the scope of the project is extremely important to the successful completion of the project. Many projects may fail as a result of becoming bigger or more complex than was originally planned. The scope of the project has to be completed within a finite time span. Time management is one of the three elements referred to as the triple constraints, together with cost and quality. Extending the time on a project usually means the cost will increase. The Project Manager is accountable to the client for keeping within the budgetary constraints of the project. Contingency funds should be built into the financial plan to cover unexpected cost blow outs. Mr Duigou suggests that contracting certain elements of a project is a good way to achieve results when working on a limited budget. Core Function Cost Cost management is one of the core issues covered in the PMBOK. It is one of the major elements, if not the major element that determines the outcome of the project, for without sufficient funds, the project may falter. Most companies have limited capital to dedicate to their projects and may have other initiatives competing for valuable resources. Mr Duigou suggests in the interview that the project manager must have the right tools for the job to provide dynamic data at any time to enable the project manager to proactively monitor the project including budget and expenses as they are reported. He states that without such tools and efficient communication, the project manager may be ambushed by unexpected demands made on the original budget by unforseen events outside the control of the project team. There are various cost management tools that can be employed to help keep control over this area. These tools may include but are not limited to return on investment, payback analysis, net present value, earned value management, cost estimates and baselines. Describe knowledge area Identify processes of knowledge area Establish connection between interview and knowledge area processes Impact of this area on project management Facilitating Function Communication Communication is a key success factor in all projects. Poor communication often leads to the failure of the project. The PMI has determined that the Project Manager may spend up to eighty nine percent of their time engaged in communication of various forms. The communication process encompasses the collection and generation of information together with project information storage. It is critical for the Project Manager to disseminate information during all phases of the project to all stakeholders. Equally, team members need to provide status reports between themselves and the Manager at frequent and regular intervals. The interview with Mr Duigou illustrates that this experienced Project Manager considers communication to be essential to the successful completion of the project. Mr Duigou states continual communication and commitment on the part of each unit is absolutely necessary in order for the data to be current and accurate. He recommends the use of software to assist in communication and to facilitate project integration. He also emphasises in the interview the importance of timely and effective communication to resolve team disagreements and maintain the teams focus on the goal. He feels that disagreements are often the result of inadequate or unclear communication and can be dealt with by addressing communication issues in a judicious manner before they lead to major problems which may jeopardise the quality and timely delivery of the project. Conclusion This report has looked briefly at the area of Project Management Integration, the core function of cost and the facilitating function of communication in relation to an interview conducted with an experienced Project Manager. An analysis of this interview shows that Mr. Duigou feels that certain areas of the core functions assume a higher priority than others when considering the successful completion of a project. Foremost amongst the most necessary functions is the regular, clear communication between all stakeholders. In the beginning of the plan, all questions, from all parties need to be answered as accurately as possible to facilitate the formation of a clear goal. He also recommends that this be followed up by frequent, close supervision by the project manager, either by face to face meetings when teams are in close physical proximity or by the use of shared electronic project management tools when teams are separated geographically. Mr Duigou considers that keeping a team focused and motivated can be one of the most challenging aspects of delivering a quality project on time. He states that giving team members positive feedback in the form of recognition and praise when they meet or exceed expectations is essential to counteract the tendency to lose motivation, especially on long term projects. This can be considered to be part of good communication. The core function of project cost management is the other issue highlighted in the interview. The management of cost and unexpected budget stress is intertwined with the issue of clear and timely communication of any potential change to the scope and available resources of the project. The project manager needs to be able to proactively monitor expenditures so as not to be taken by surprise, as far as possible, by unexpected changes to any of the core areas. It would be difficult to determine which is most important communication or budget, for without sufficient funds and resources the objective will not be reached. The same can be said for communication between the stakeholders. Misunderstandings regarding the four core areas of project management are inevitable if communication is infrequent and close supervision by the Project Manager is lacking.

Shylock as Helpless Victim in The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant of Venice Essays

Shylock as Helpless Victim in The Merchant of Venice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1594 the Earl of Essex, an English Nobleman who lived during the Elizabethan period in England, was actively involved in the persecution and trials of Roderigo Lopez.   Lopez was a Jew of Portuguese descent, who was wrongly accused of attempting to poison the Queen of England.   Lopez, being the Queen's royal physician, was in no position to defend himself once he was accused.   Essex, who provided the evidence also presided over the trial of Lopez, leaving Lopez little chance of survival.   The innocent Jew was hanged, drawn, and quartered in Tyburn, England for all to witness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Roderigo Lopez is similar to the story of Shylock, although, Palmer tells us "It is not suggested that Shakespeare in portraying Shylock, had any political or social intentions" ( 112-13).   Both Jews were placed in time where "anti-Semitism was in fashion" (Palmer 113), and both thrown into court where they would be tried unjustly.   The story of Roderigo Lopez sets the tone for The Merchant of Venice.   Lopez' incident occurred in 1594, The Merchant of Venice was written only two years later.   Anti-Semitism was prevalent during Shakespeares' time, and therefore we must understand that it was as easy for him to make a Jewish man the villain as it would be for us to make a Nazi the villain.      According to Sylvan Barnet "The Merchant of Venice [shows] the broad outline of a comedy (not merely a play with jests, but a play that ends happily). . . the villain in the comedy must be entirely villainous, or, rather, comically villainous; he cannot for a moment gain the audience's sympathy" (1). Shylock has often been portrayed as the villain in The Merchant of Venice.   From being more concerned with his ducats rather than his daughter, to demanding his pound of flesh, Shylock fits perfectly into the mold of the villain.   However, with   reference to Barnet's comment "he cannot for a moment gain the audience's sympathy" (1), Shylock oversteps the boundaries of his villainous character. The audience cannot and would not have rooted for Shylock during Shakespeare's lifetime, yet, now we do.   Shylock is merely a victim of anti-Semitism.

Shakespeares The Comedy Of Errors :: essays research papers

Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors The Comedy of Errors was Shakespeare's first comedy. It is a light yet dramatic play about a family of twins, their parents, and their twin servants, who have been separated for over twenty years due to a tragic accident at sea. The story, following the usual format of Shakespeare's work occurs and is concluded all in one day. The twins run into each other the whole day through and are mistaken for each other more than once. This confusion makes the tragedy all the more hilarious. The action is ended in a dramatic and whirlwind ending. All matters are cleared up, although the sanity still remains on the brink of collapse. However, the tone of the play is overall cheerful and upbeat and the ending maintains the mood. I particularly enjoyed the confusion that identical twins caused even to their close family members. The fact that Shakespeare was able to make the dialogue fit in with the scenarios made the action even more comic. The idea of the plot, although not completely original is still unique and is still used in modern work, such as the TV sitcoms like "Sister, Sister." Something that surprised me in the play was Adriana's character. She was insecure and portrayed the typical damsel in distress. She was completely dependent on her husband and this fact alone made the play somewhat out of date. Shakespeare is said to be "not of an age, but for all times," but Adriana's character, in my opinion, would not fit in to the modern world. I feel the most important part of the play is the message it conveys and should be used as a moral today. The whole play is based on family members who are trying to reunite. The play says that even though there are troubling issues in our lives, we must remember our

Negative Screen Time Effects

Statistics show that screen time negatively affects children’s learning abilities and development. â€Å"The effects of so much screen time can include speech delays, aggressive behavior and obesity. † (Lavey) Since parents play a role in how much television their kids can watch, they can minimize the chances of their brains not developing correctly.â€Å"The first 2 years of life are considered a critical time for brain development. TV and other electronic media can get in the way of exploring, playing, and interacting with parents and others, which encourages learning and healthy physical and social development.† (Kids Health)Children do not understand the damage that can be caused by excessive screen time, which is why parents need to become more involved and teach them. By minimizing the amount of time that children spend using television and other screen times, they will increase their levels of brain activity and have improved neurological development. Scre en time, of all types, can affect children in many different ways; some of them are positive, but many of them are negative.Watching television and using other types of screen times too much can affect many aspects of children’s lives, including their health and school performance. In order to stay healthy, kids need to eat right, as well as get plenty of regular exercise. This is not hard for most children since they are generally very active. However, when they are sitting in front of the television all day, they are not staying active. This will eventually start to take a toll on their weight and general physical well-being.â€Å"The difficulty really comes in that once a child is obese they more than likely will remain obese into and through their adulthood. There is no easy fix. It takes time, hard work and a drive to change habits that have been established for a long time. † (Sigman) So the sooner you get your child to start following good and healthy habits the better; this includes watching television because one of children’s favorite things to do while watching television is eat. School performance also can be drastically affected if children are exposed to too much screen time.They will not make time to do their homework, which will ultimately have a negative impact on their grades. Younger people are affected much more easily by what they see or hear on television or the computer. These things will have a bigger impact and influence on them than they would on someone older who knows better and knows what is right and wrong. There are plenty of commercials and shows on television that can be a bad influence on kids. Everything from violence and crime to drugs and sexual content can be found on both the computer and television.Even though parents try their best to teach their children right from wrong, if they see these things enough on a regular basis, it will have some kind of negative effect on them. When children see these b ad things happening on television, and they see that nothing is being done to stop them, they automatically assume that it is all acceptable for them to do as well. This, again, can begin to affect other aspects of their lives negatively such as school and their behavior. Research shows that the majority of screen time has a negative effect on children of all ages.Children ranging from ages two to 11, on average, spend anywhere from 25 to 35 hours a week in front of the television, or other forms of screen time. At such young ages, children should not be spending that much of their time watching television.There are many other much more stimulating activities that they could be doing instead that could help them in their development into adults including playing outside, reading, or writing. Parents are a big cause of this because the majority of them do not care how much or how often their children watch television.Some even encourage it, and think that it is good for their childre n. â€Å"Studies show that screen time cuts into the adult-child interaction that is crucial to developing language skills. † (Lavey) So, if parents do not pay attention to the amount of screen time their children are exposed to when they are young, it can affect their ability to learn how to speak correctly. Many programs on television teach kids things that are unacceptable or that can affect them in negative ways. Commercials and other ads, as well as many shows.Demonstrate unethical and unhealthy ways to live life, and children, at such young ages, can easily pick up on those things and make them habits of their own. Everything from stereotypes to violence, unhealthy eating habits to drugs, alcohol and sex is shown on television on a variety of channels.â€Å"Children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching television are more likely to be overweight. Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior but also fear that the world is scary and that something bad will happen to them.Television characters often depict risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, and also reinforce gender-role and racial stereotypes. † (Kids Health) There are over two thousand ads on television each year for alcohol. If children are exposed to these things, especially at such young ages, they will definitely be impacted by them.They will begin to think that things they see on television are acceptable, and will eventually start to copy what they see. Children are known for wanting to copy anything they hear or see when they are young, so parents should be sure that they surround their child only with positive influences.Although there are a number of negative effects of television and other screen times, they are not necessarily all bad. Certain things can be reversed so that there are more positive effects resulting from all the screen time. Parents can play a role in their children’s exposure to television and othe r screen times. If they monitor them, and teach their children what and what not to believe from what they see on television, they may have the power to reverse it into something good.When used in moderation, screen times can actually benefit children, usually those who are over the age of two. Watching television with your children, and teaching and educating them about what they are watching will help because then they will not be affected as easily.They will come to understand, with help from their parents, that just because they see something on television does not mean it is right or tolerable to do themselves. Studies have shown that television and other screen time can be educational for children to a certain extent.â€Å"Good educational programs can provide lasting benefits to children at many ages, but it may be especially important to provide such fare for very young children because they are less likely than older children to be exposed to formal preschool instruction, and because stable habits of viewing may be formed in the first few years of life.† (Huston, Science Daily)There can be just as many good things to be found on television and the computer as there are bad. Since we know how entertaining television is for children, we can definitely use it to our  advantage, by only allowing them to watch education programs and keeping them away from all of the negative things.This gives parents a way to keep their children happy and entertained, but also at the same time help to expand their knowledge and keep them away from all of the negative things that they may see or hear on television. The most important thing to understand and keep in mind is that children have not finished fully growing until they are well into their teenage years, when they are young their brains are still developing, so they will retain negative information easier and pick up on bad habits more quickly.Children will benefit more from decreased use of screen times, which will also help improve their attention span and overall academic performances. Watching television and using other screen times in moderation is acceptable and can also be beneficial; it is only when they are abused and over-used that they become a problem. With the known negative facts about children overusing television and other screen times, monitoring the amount of time they spend using them will increase chances of improved brain activity and development into adulthood.

Perception About Fairness Creams Essay

Research Problem: There has been an increase in the advertisement for Fairness cream for men. Several new brands have cropped up following the lead of Fair and Handsome from Emami, the House of Fair and Lovely, the most popular fairness. We now have Vaseline and Nivea running the race to capture the market of men who wish to have fairer skin. We wished to analyse how the youngsters of today perceive this cream for fairer men, which breaks the conventional image of â€Å"Tall, Dark and handsome†. Hence, the question, â€Å"What do the Indian youth think about the Fairness Cream for men?† Objective: To understand the perception of the youth towards Fairness Cream for men. Research Methodology: As the first step towards finding the answer to this question, a qualitative research was needed. The projective technique of Association was used. Association tasks, the most commonly employed projective technique, require subjects to respond to the presentation of an object by indicating the first word, image, or thought elicited by the stimulus. The respondents were provided with two stimuli. First, Fair and Lovely to gauge their idea about fairness cream in general and fairness for women. Next stimulus was Fair and Handsome, the fairness cream for men from the same house. This was done to understand what they felt about fairness for men. Apart from the projective technique, the next method of data collection was obtrusive observation. The respondents were observed to understand and cross check the response of the respondents. Some of the respondents were further probed to understand the reason for their response. Observations: After collecting the data from a sample size of around 50, which were a good mix of both men and women, ranging from the age of 20 – 28 years, following observations have surfaced: 1. Majority of the people associate fairness cream with the brand ambassador, who generally represent beauty and grandeur. 2. While the most obvious and common association for Fair and Lovely cream was fairness or beauty, the response for Fair and Handsome was mixed. While some people associated it with handsome men, many people responded â€Å"Gay†. They believe fairness is associated with women and not something men desire. 3. The third type of response was of those people who believe fairness for men or women is more of stereotyping and not good for the society in general. These people were further probed to inquire  about the reason for the same. The response was, â€Å"India was ruled by the Whites for a long time. Somehow, Indians associate fair skin with superiority. This is also what the fairness cream advertisement also imply. A girl with fairer skin fares better in all aspects, be it personal or professional life. Similar is the scenario for men with fair skin.† 4. The last perception about fairness cream for both men and women was that they do not work and are just a gimmick to which people fall prey to.